expansion of the universe

 The expansion of the universe is the increase in distance  between any two given gravitationally unbound  parts of the observable universe  with time. It is an intrinsic  expansion whereby the scale of space itself changes. The universe does not expand "into" anything and does not require space to exist "outside" it. This expansion involves neither space nor objects in space "moving" in a traditional sense, but rather it is the metric (which governs the size and geometry of spacetime itself) that changes in scale. As the spatial part of the universe's space time matric  increases in scale, objects become more distant from one another at ever-increasing speeds. To any observer in the universe, it appears that all of space is expanding, and that all but the nearest galaxies  (which are bound by gravity) recede at speeds that are proportional to their distance from the observer . While objects within space cannot travel faster than light , this limitation does not apply to the effects of changes in the metric itself. Objects that recede beyond the cosmic event horizon  will eventually become unobservable, as no new light from them will be capable of overcoming the universe's expansion, limiting the size of our observable universe .

As an effect of general relativity , the expansion of the universe is different from the expansions and explosions seen in daily life. It is a property of the universe as a hole  and occurs throughout the universe, rather than happening just to one part of the universe. Therefore, unlike other expansions and explosions, it cannot be observed from "outside" of it; it is believed that there is no "outside" to observe from.

Metric expansion is a key feature of Big Bang cosmology , is modeled mathematically with the Friedmann -Robertson-Walker metric  and is a generic property of the universe we inhabit. However, the model is valid only on large scales (roughly the scale of galaxy cluster  and above), because gravity  binds matter together strongly enough that metric expansion cannot be observed on a smaller scale at this time. As such, the only galaxies receding from one another as a result of metric expansion are those separated by cosmologically relevant scales larger than the length scales  associated with the gravitational collapse that are possible in the age of the universe  given the matter density and average expansion rate.

According to inflation theory , during the inflationary  epoch  about 10⁻³² of a second after the Big Bang , the universe suddenly expanded, and its volume increased by a factor of at least 10⁷⁸ (an expansion of distance by a factor of at least 10²⁶ in each of the three dimensions), equivalent to expanding an object 1 nanometer  (10⁻⁹ m, about half the width of a molecule of DNA) in length to one approximately 10.6 light years  (about 10¹⁷ m or 62 trillion miles) long. A much slower and gradual expansion of space continued after this, until at around 9.8 billion years after the Big Bang (4 billion years ago) it began to gradually expand more quickly , and is still doing so. Physicists have postulated the existence of dark energy , appearing as a cosmological constant  in the simplest gravitational models, as a way to explain this late-time acceleration. According to the simplest extrapolation of the currently favored cosmological model, the Lambda -CDM model , this acceleration becomes more dominant into the future. In June 2016, NASA and ESA scientists reported that the universe was found to be expanding 5% to 9% faster than thought earlier, based on studies using the Hubble space telescope .