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Mars Orbiter Mission

 The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan ("Mars-craft", from mangala, "Mars" and yāna, "craft, vehicle"), is a space probe  orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is India's first interplanetary mission  and it made it the fourth space agency  to achieve Mars orbit, after Roscosmos , Nasa, and the European space agency  It made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.



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The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted-off from the First launch  pad at Satish dhawan space center  (Sriharikota  Range SHAR), Andhra pradesh , using a Polar satellite launch vehicle  (PSLV) rocket C25 at 09:08 UTC on 5 November 2013. The  launch window  was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October 2013. The MOM probe spent about a month in Earth  orbit , where it made a series of seven apogee-raising orbital Manoeuvres  before  trans-mars injection on 30 November 2013 (UTC). After a 298-day transit to Mars, it was put into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.

The mission is a "technology demonstrator " project to develop the technologies for designing, planning, management, and operations of an interplanetary mission. It carries five scientific instruments. The spacecraft is currently being monitored from the Spacecraft Control Centre at ISRO Telemetry  , Tracking and command Network  (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru  with support from the Indian deep space network  (IDSN) antennae at Bengaluru , Karnataka.


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On 23 November 2008, the first public acknowledgement of an uncrewed mission to Mars was announced by then-ISRO chairman G.Madhavan Nair .The MOM mission concept began with a feasibility study in 2010 by the Indian institute of space  science and technology  after the launch of lunar satellite Chandrayan-1  in 2008. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh  approved the project on 3 August 2012, after the Indian space research organisation  completed ₹125 crore (US$17 million) of required studies for the orbiter. The total project cost may be up to ₹454 crore (US$60 million). The satellite costs ₹153 crore (US$20 million) and the rest of the budget has been attributed to ground stations and relay upgrades that will be used for other ISRO projects.

The space agency had planned the launch on 28 October 2013 but was postponed to 5 November following the delay in ISRO's spacecraft tracking ships to take up pre-determined positions due to poor weather in the Pacific Ocean. Launch opportunities for a fuel-saving Hohmann transfer orbit  occur every 26 months, in this case the next two would be in 2016 and 2018.

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Assembly of the PSLV-XL launch vehicle, designated C25, started on 5 August 2013. The mounting of the five scientific instruments was completed at Indian space organisation satellite center , Bengaluru , and the finished spacecraft was shipped to Sriharikota on 2 October 2013 for integration to the PSLV-XL launch vehicle. The satellite's development was fast-tracked and completed in a record 15 months,  partly due to using reconfigured  Chandryan-2 orbiter bus. Despite the US federal government shutdown , NASA reaffirmed on 5 October 2013 it would provide communications and navigation support to the mission "with their Deep space network facilities.". During a meeting on 30 September 2014, NASA and ISRO officials signed an agreement to establish a pathway for future joint missions to explore Mars. One of the working group's objectives will be to explore potential coordinated observations and science analysis between the MAVEN orbiter and MOM, as well as other current and future Mars missions.

The total cost of the mission was approximately ₹450 Crore  (US$73 million), making it the least-expensive Mars mission to date. The low cost of the mission was ascribed by K. Radhakrishnan , the chairman of ISRO, to various factors, including a "modular approach", few ground tests and long (18–20 hour) working days for scientists. BBC's Jonathan Amos mentioned lower worker costs, home-grown technologies, simpler design, and a significantly less complicated payload than NASA's MAVEN.


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