Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei, Italian: 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo, was an astronomer , physicist and engineer , sometimes described as a polymath , from pisa, in modern-day Itlay. Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy ", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method ", and the "father of modern science ".
Galileo studied speed and velocity , gravity and free fall , the principle and relativity , inertia and projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of pendulums and "hydrostatic balances". He invented the thermoscope and various military compasses , and used the telescope for scientific observations of celestial objects. His contributions to observational astronomy include telescopic confirmation of the Phases of Venus , observation of the four largest satellite of Jupiter , observation of Saturn's rings. and analysis of Sunspots .
Galileo's championing of Copernican heliocentrism (Earth rotating daily and revolving around the sun) was met with opposition from within the Catholic Church and from some astronomers. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was foolish, absurd, and heretical since it contradicted Holy Scripture.
Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue concerning the Two chief World system (1632), which appeared to attack Pope urban VII and thus alienated both the Pope and the Jesuits , who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest. During this time, he wrote Two new Sciences (1638), primarily concerning kinematics and the strength of materials , summarizing work he had done around forty years earlier.
Early life and Family
Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Duchy of Florence ), Italy, on 15 February 1564, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei , a lutenist , composer, and music theorist , and Giuilia Ammannati , who had married in 1562. Galileo became an accomplished lutenist himself and would have learned early from his father a scepticism for established authority.
Three of Galileo's five siblings survived infancy. The youngest, Michelangelo (or Michelagnolo), also became a lutenist and composer who contributed to Galileo's financial burdens for the rest of his life. Michelangelo was unable to contribute his fair share of their father's promised dowries to their brothers-in-law, who would later attempt to seek legal remedies for payments due. Michelangelo would also occasionally have to borrow funds from Galileo to support his musical endeavours and excursions. These financial burdens may have contributed to Galileo's early desire to develop inventions that would bring him additional income.
When Galileo Galilei was eight, his family moved to Florence , but he was left under the care of Muzio Tedaldi for two years. When Galileo was ten, he left Pisa to join his family in Florence and there he was under the tutelage of Jacopo Borghini. He was educated, particularly in logic, from 1575 to 1578 in the Vallombrosa Abbey , about 30 km southeast of Florence.
Children
Despite being a genuinely pious Roman Catholic, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina gamba . They had two daughters, Virginia (born 1600) and Livia (born 1601), and a son, Vincenzo (born 1606).Due to their illegitimate birth, Galileo considered the girls unmarriageable, if not posing problems of prohibitively expensive support or dowries, which would have been similar to Galileo's previous extensive financial problems with two of his sisters. Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were accepted by the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives.
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